Close

Homepage

AI SEX SLAVE 🔥

Chat

Trending

Porn videos

Hentai Manga

4Chan

Tags

Video

Erome

Fapello

Favorites

History

RULE34.DEV

hyp popular

AI SEX SLAVE 🔥

Booru:

r34
gel
paheal
xb
e621
yan
kona
real
r34us
e6ai
sakuga
xyz
chan
chanidol
world

Browse hyp content filtered by Booru: r34. High quality images and videos.

r34
gel
paheal
xb
e621
yan
kona
real
r34us
e6ai
sakuga
xyz
chan
chanidol
world

Order by:

Popular
Great
Amazing
The Best

Browse hyp content filtered by Order by: Recent. High quality images and videos.

Popular
score:>1
Great
score:>10
Amazing
score:>100
The Best
days:99999

AI generated:

not ai
ai

Browse hyp content filtered by AI generated: all. High quality images and videos.

not ai
ai

File type:

image
video

Browse hyp content filtered by File type: all. High quality images and videos.

image
video

3d:

Browse hyp content filtered by 3d: all. High quality images and videos.

Rating:

all
safe
erotic
explicit

Browse hyp content filtered by Rating: erotic. High quality images and videos.

all
safe
erotic
explicit

ts mahou shoujo nao!

Exclude Remove

Order by:

Popular
Great
Amazing
The Best

Browse hyp content filtered by Order by: Recent. High quality images and videos.

Popular
score:>1
Great
score:>10
Amazing
score:>100
The Best
days:99999

3d ahoge bangs boots bow bow_tie cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs elf_ears esther_r18 face_paint gloves hair_ornament heart_eyes jewelry large_breasts miniskirt multicolored_eyes navel opera_gloves original pink_eyes pink_hair pubic_hair purple_eyes skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile symbol_in_eyes tail thigh_boots thigh_gap thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails vrchat wings

3d ahoge bangs boots bow bow_tie cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs elf_ears esther_r18 face_paint gloves hair_ornament hand_on_hip jewelry large_breasts miniskirt navel opera_gloves original pink_hair pubic_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile tail thigh_boots thigh_gap thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails visor vrchat wings

absurdres ahoge alternate_color_scheme animal_ears bangs before_and_after blue_eyes blush boots breast_expansion cameltoe clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes expressionless female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament hat heterochromia jewelry logia13laplace long_hair looking_at_viewer magical_girl navel nipples opera_gloves original red_eyes sakurada_yukino see-through sexually_suggestive skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini standing tail tan_skin tattoo thigh_boots thighhighs tongue tongue_out ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails v wings yellow_eyes

3d ahoge animal_ears bangs black_sclera bodysuit boots breasts cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs dark_skin empty_eyes female_only femsub flat_chest gloves glowing_eyes green_hair hair_buns hair_ornament hammer happy_trance heart_eyes heterosexual large_breasts latex long_hair looking_at_viewer meltallic multicolored_hair multiple_girls multiple_subs open_mouth opera_gloves orange_eyes orange_hair pink_eyes pink_hair purple_hair purple_skin rubber short_hair slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile staff straight-cut_bangs tail tan_skin tattoo thigh_boots thighhighs tight_clothing ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails v very_long_hair visor vrchat weapon wings yellow_eyes

3d azis_vrc bangs blue_lipstick bow bow_tie breast_grab breasts dark_skin female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament happy_trance jewelry large_breasts multiple_girls navel opera_gloves original selfie slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! v visor vrchat white_hair wings

117

ahoge ass bare_shoulders bell_collar bikini blonde_hair blue_eyes blue_hair blush breast_grab breast_press breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) collar cow_girl cow_print cowbell crotch_tattoo ear_tag fake_animal_ears fake_tail female_only femsub fingerless_gloves flare_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) gloves gradient_background green_background horns large_breasts looking_at_viewer multiple_girls multiple_subs navel open_mouth opera_gloves orange_eyes pink_eyes pink_hair rain_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sadenhek short_hair simple_background smile socks standing straight-cut_bangs tattoo thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails very_long_hair wink

ahoge bangs blush bow bow_tie breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) cleavage clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs gloves grey_background jewelry kedamaton_ looking_at_viewer miniskirt navel opera_gloves pink_hair see-through simple_background skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile thigh_boots thigh_gap thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails wide_hips yellow_eyes

3d ahoge bangs blush boots bow bow_tie character_request cleavage clothed_exposure cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs custom_maid_3d_2 drill_hair drool esther_r18 female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament horns jewelry long_hair miniskirt navel nipples open_mouth opera_gloves original pink_hair pubic_hair see-through skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini solo standing tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs tongue tongue_out ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! visor wings

3d animal_ears bangs blonde_hair blush boots bow bow_tie cat_ears cat_girl cleavage cosplay crotch_tattoo female_only femsub gloves hoshisuzu_seira hoshisuzu_seira_(artist) huge_breasts jewelry long_hair looking_at_viewer miniskirt multicolored_hair open_mouth pink_eyes pink_hair see-through skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini solo tattoo thigh_boots thighhighs tongue tongue_out ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! v virtual_youtuber wings

3d ahoge bangs bed blush boots bow breasts cameltoe character_request clothed_exposure cosplay crotch_tattoo female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament jewelry large_breasts navel nisino5472 on_back opera_gloves original rubber silver_hair slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini tan_skin tattoo thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails visor vrchat

3d animal_ears boots cleavage cosplay cow_girl crotch_tattoo expressionless female_only femsub gloves grey_hair hair_ornament horns jewelry large_breasts miniskirt moawi1 navel opera_gloves rubber skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini solo standing tattoo thigh_boots thigh_gap thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails visor vrchat wings

boots bow bow_tie breasts cameltoe character_request cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs elf_ears erect_nipples erect_nipples_under_clothes face_paint fangs femsub gloves hair_ornament jewelry long_hair looking_at_viewer monochrome navel nipples opera_gloves ovilier_laurent rubber simple_background slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile tail tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! weapon whip white_background white_hair wings

3d animal_ears blonde_hair bodysuit boots cat_ears cat_girl cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes evil_smile face_paint femsub gloves hair_ornament happy_trance hoshisuzu_seira hoshisuzu_seira_(artist) jewelry large_breasts long_hair multicolored_hair opera_gloves pink_eyes pink_hair see-through skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile straight-cut_bangs thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! virtual_youtuber vrchat wings

alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color bangs bare_shoulders bow bow_tie breasts bunny_ears clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo face_paint female_only femsub garter_straps gloves hair_ornament ignis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) jacket jewelry kedamaton_ looking_at_viewer navel opera_gloves pasties ponytail simple_background slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile solo standing tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! white_background white_hair yellow_eyes

blush bow cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs femsub gloves gradient_background jewelry large_breasts looking_at_viewer opera_gloves pink_eyes pink_hair shooow17 simple_background slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile tail tattoo thick_thighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails wide_hips yellow_background

bangs bare_shoulders boots bow bow_tie breasts bunny_ears bunny_girl cleavage cosplay fake_animal_ears female_only femsub garter_belt gloves hair_ornament happy_trance high_heels jacket jewelry kedamaton_ large_breasts looking_at_viewer opera_gloves pasties pink_background pink_hair short_hair slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile solo tail tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs tongue ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! yellow_eyes

ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color armor bow bow_tie expressionless female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament hand_on_hip happy_trance hat jewelry large_breasts miniskirt multiple_girls multiple_subs navel opera_gloves parasite ponytail ribbon see-through short_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini standing tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails vaginal visor wings zesuto

3d ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color animated bangs blue_skin bouncing_breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) cleavage clothed_exposure cuffs female_only femsub hair_ornament jewelry koikatsu! large_breasts looking_at_viewer miniskirt moawi1 navel outdoors see-through skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile solo sound thigh_boots thigh_gap thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails video wings yellow_eyes

alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color bangs bare_shoulders blush bow cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes evil_smile female_only femsub hair_ornament happy_trance jewelry large_breasts micro_bikini navel pasties pink_background pink_hair shooow17 simple_background smile solo tan_skin tattoo thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails white_background yellow_eyes

alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blush cleavage cuffs erect_nipples erect_nipples_under_clothes female_only femsub fishnets gloves hair_ornament harness hat huge_breasts jewelry looking_at_viewer navel purple_background rain_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) shooow17 silver_hair smile solo standing straight-cut_bangs tan_skin thick_thighs thigh_boots thigh_gap thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! very_long_hair yellow_eyes

478_morotomo alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blush bow bow_tie breast_press cameltoe crotch_tattoo femsub hair_ornament happy_trance hat jewelry large_breasts looking_at_viewer miniskirt navel rain_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) see-through sitting skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile spread_legs tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! very_long_hair wings yellow_eyes

blush breasts cameltoe cleavage cosplay crotch_tattoo empty_eyes fake_tail female_only femsub gloves hat jewelry logia13laplace looking_at_viewer miniskirt multicolored_hair navel opera_gloves pink_hair purple_hair see-through simple_background sketch skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile solo standing tail tan_skin tattoo the_red_ranger_becomes_an_adventurer_in_another_world ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! very_long_hair white_background wings witch witch_hat yellow_eyes yihdra_arvoln

alternate_costume alternate_hair_color armpits ass bangs blush boots bow bow_tie cameltoe corset crotch_tattoo cuffs eyelashes female_only femsub garter gloves green_lipstick hand_on_hip happy_trance hat jewelry lapis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) lipstick looking_at_viewer magical_girl makeup miniskirt multiple_views open_mouth opera_gloves silver_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile solo standing tan_skin tattoo thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails yellow_eyes zesuto

ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color angry bare_shoulders blonde_hair blush crotch_tattoo cuffs eyeshadow female_only femsub flare_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) garter gloves hair_ornament hat high_heels japanese_text jewelry large_breasts leotard lily_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) looking_at_viewer makeup miniskirt multiple_girls multiple_subs navel opera_gloves outdoors see-through short_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile standing straight-cut_bangs sweat tail tan_skin tattoo text thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails yellow_eyes zesuto

alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blue_hair blue_skin blush cleavage clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes face_paint female_only femsub garter gloves green_hair hair_ornament happy_trance hat ignis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) kedamaton_ lapis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) large_breasts lipstick looking_at_viewer makeup micro_bikini miniskirt multiple_girls multiple_subs navel opera_gloves ponytail purple_lipstick see-through short_hair signature skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails yellow_eyes

alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blush cleavage clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes face_paint female_only femsub garter gloves green_lipstick hair_ornament happy_trance hat ignis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) kedamaton_ lapis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) large_breasts lipstick looking_at_viewer makeup micro_bikini miniskirt multiple_girls multiple_subs navel opera_gloves ponytail see-through short_hair signature silver_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile tan_skin tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails yellow_eyes

alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color bangs bare_shoulders beret blue_hair blush breasts chiyoko_sonoda clothed_exposure collar cosplay crotch_tattoo cuffs evil_smile face_paint fake_tail female_only femsub garter gloves green_lipstick hair_buns hair_ornament hand_on_hip hat jewelry juri_saijo kaho_komiya lipstick long_hair multiple_girls multiple_subs natsuha_arisugawa navel open_mouth opera_gloves pink_hair purple_hair purple_lipstick red_lipstick rinze_morino short_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile standing tail tan_skin tattoo the_idolm@ster the_idolm@ster:_shiny_colors thigh_gap tied_hair tongue ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails v very_long_hair visor yochiidaichiyo

alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blush boots clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs flat_chest frozen_gingasan gloves hair_ornament happy_trance high_heels lipstick looking_at_viewer makeup navel opera_gloves original see-through silver_hair skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini tail tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails wings yellow_eyes zunecha_(frozen_gingasan)

3d animated bangs blush bow_tie breasts breath crotch_tattoo cuffs drool empty_eyes female_only femsub garter gloves glowing green_hair grey_eyes hat ignis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) jewelry koikatsu! lapis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) leotard looking_at_viewer moawi1 multiple_girls multiple_subs open_mouth opera_gloves pussy_juice red_eyes red_hair side_ponytail skirt small_breasts standing standing_at_attention tattoo tie tongue tongue_out ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails underboob video

3d 3d_custom_girl ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color arex9 blush bow bow_tie breasts bunny_ears bunny_girl cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) cyan_hair dark_skin eyeshadow fake_animal_ears fake_tail female_only femsub gloves happy_trance hat heart lapis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) latex looking_at_viewer makeup multiple_girls multiple_subs navel pole_dancing reverse_bunnysuit rubber slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile standing tail thighhighs tongue tongue_out ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails white_hair yellow_eyes

3d ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blue_skin boots bow bow_tie breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) cuffs female_only femsub gloves grey_background hair_ornament happy_trance koikatsu! large_breasts looking_at_viewer moawi1 navel opera_gloves ribbon silver_hair simple_background slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini solo standing standing_at_attention thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails visor yellow_eyes

before_and_after blue_eyes blue_hair bow bow_tie breasts cleavage cuffs female_only femsub gloves huge_breasts jewelry leotard looking_at_viewer magical_girl opera_gloves rain_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) skirt smile solo straight-cut_bangs thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! very_long_hair wabuki_(ochirugan) white_background

ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_hair_color bow_tie breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) choker crotch_tattoo earrings empty_eyes female_only femsub happy_trance heart_tattoo long_hair looking_at_viewer mai_harukaze_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) navel ovilier_laurent school_uniform silver_hair skirt skirt_lift sling_bikini smile solo tan_skin tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! yellow_eyes

ahoge bow_tie breasts brown_hair cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) choker crotch_tattoo earrings empty_eyes female_only femsub happy_trance heart_tattoo long_hair looking_at_viewer mai_harukaze_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) navel ovilier_laurent school_uniform skirt skirt_lift sling_bikini smile solo tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! yellow_eyes

ahoge bow_tie breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) choker crotch_tattoo earrings empty_eyes female_only femsub happy_trance heart_tattoo long_hair looking_at_viewer mai_harukaze_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) monochrome navel ovilier_laurent school_uniform skirt skirt_lift sling_bikini smile solo tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!

478_morotomo alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color arms_behind_back before_and_after blue_background blush bow bow_tie breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) cleavage crotch_tattoo femsub gloves gradient_background hair_ornament looking_at_viewer magical_girl navel opera_gloves pink_eyes pink_hair shy skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) smile tan_skin tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails white_hair wink yellow_eyes

ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color aura bangs blush boots breasts cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo female_only femsub gloves glowing hair_ornament happy_trance hat ignis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) kneeling looking_at_viewer magical_girl multiple_girls multiple_subs navel opera_gloves ponytail silver_hair slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini tail tan_skin thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails yellow_eyes yuuyuki

3d ahoge alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color animated boots cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) clothed_exposure crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament happy_trance koikatsu! large_breasts looking_at_viewer magical_girl moawi1 navel opera_gloves pink_hair ribbon skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini smile solo sweat tan_skin tattoo thigh_boots thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! video wings yellow_eyes

absurdres ahoge alternate_costume armpits arms_above_head bow bow_tie breasts cables cherry_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) cleavage crotch_tattoo cuffs female_only femsub gloves hair_ornament happy_trance jewelry large_breasts leotard looking_at_viewer magical_girl opera_gloves ovilier_laurent pink_hair posing red_eyes see-through sex_toy simple_background skirt smile solo tail tattoo thighhighs ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails vibrator wires

3d alternate_color_scheme alternate_costume alternate_hair_color blue_background blush breasts crotch_tattoo cuffs empty_eyes fake_tail female_only femsub gloves happy_trance hat high_heels koikatsu! lapis_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) looking_at_viewer micro_bikini moawi1 navel opera_gloves see-through simple_background skirt slave_gear_(ts_mahou_shoujo_nao!) sling_bikini small_breasts smile solo standing tail tan_skin tattoo ts_mahou_shoujo_nao! twintails white_hair yellow_eyes

Discover endless adult content at Rule34.dev

Rule34.dev is your ultimate gateway to the world's largest collection of adult anime, manga, and gaming artwork. We aggregate content from dozens of premium sources including Danbooru, Gelbooru, E-Hentai, Sankaku Complex, and many more, bringing you millions of high-quality images and videos in one seamless platform.

Whether you're searching for the latest trending artwork, classic favorites, or discovering new artists, Rule34.dev provides the most comprehensive search experience available. Our advanced filtering system lets you browse by character, series, artist, tags, and quality ratings to find exactly what you're looking for.

From mainstream anime characters to indie game artwork, from professional illustrations to fan creations - we index it all. Our platform supports high-resolution viewing up to 4K quality, with fast loading times and mobile-optimized browsing for the perfect experience across all your devices.

Experience the best adult content aggregation platform

Rule34.dev stands out as the premier destination for adult artwork discovery. Our intelligent aggregation system continuously scans and indexes new content from over 50+ sources, ensuring you never miss the latest uploads from your favorite artists and series.

We support advanced search operators, tag combinations, and filtering options that make finding specific content effortless. Looking foranime girls,video game characters,original characters,furry art,3D renders, orpixel art? Our tagging system covers every category and niche you can imagine.

Join millions of users who trust Rule34.dev for their daily dose of premium adult content. Create an account to save favorites, build custom collections, and get personalized recommendations based on your viewing history and preferences.

Browse Content

Latest Uploads
Trending Now

Rule34.dev - The Ultimate Adult Content Aggregator

© 2025 Rule34.dev. All rights reserved. This site serves as an indexing and aggregation service for adult content from various sources across the internet. We do not host content directly but provide links and previews to original sources.

All indexed content is sourced from publicly available galleries and platforms. Original copyrights belong to respective artists, creators, and source platforms. Rule34.dev operates under fair use principles for indexing and discovery purposes.

18+ ONLY: This website contains explicit adult content and is intended exclusively for users aged 18 years and older. By accessing this site, you confirm that you are of legal age in your jurisdiction and consent to viewing adult material.